1 Introduction
In January 2019, the sixth meeting of the Central Deep Reform Commission adopted the Opinions on Establishing a Territorial Spatial Planning System and Supervising its Implementation [
1], which clearly pointed out the integration of multiple types of spatial planning into a unified territorial spatial planning, and pioneered the direction for ongoing multi-regulation village planning through synergistic ideological value orientation, planning tools, and villagers' main interests. This is another important policy concerning village conservation planning since the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy document in 2018 and the publication of the Opinions on Coordinated Promotion of Village Planning issued by five ministries and commissions in February 2019, which plays a good role in further strengthening the standardization of village planning design and implementation of village conservation. Nowadays, traditional villages undergo transformation and development and will have both production and consumption functions. Traditional village is an important part under the concept of rural settlement, which is not only a living expression of traditional farming culture, but also a spatial carrier for villagers to flourish
[2]. Suburban villages cater to the opportunity of reverse migration of urban elements, gaining new economic growth opportunities and employment opportunities, developing towards diversification and regaining their charm.
1.1 Synergy
The word "synergy" is derived from the ancient Greek word meaning coordination and collaboration. The theory of synergy was founded by the German physicist Hermann Hacken, who proposed that the development from general to synergistic development is a process in which the subsystems (elements) evolve through coordination and optimization, emphasizing that the subsystems in the overall system evolve into a higher system in a virtuous cycle, giving the system a more orderly structure and function, and more orderly in structure and function, and enhance its competitiveness. Synergistic planning originated from the synergistic theory in the 1970s, which advocates multi-dimensional and systematic coordination of relationships to achieve harmonious coexistence and maximize benefits [
3].The synergetic development defined in this paper is based on the theory of synergetics, by studying the elemental composition, inner mechanism and collaborative relationship of system development, and regulating the collaborative evolution process of influencing subsystems by means of synergetics to promote the synergetic effect of rational spatial structure and function of villages, so as to achieve a virtuous cycle.
1.2 Categorization of system elements
"System theory regards a system as a functional aggregate composed of several elements interconnected, with basic characteristics such as wholeness and dynamism" Traditional village system elements can be divided into natural substrate system elements, material culture and non-material culture elements from three levels of production, life and ecology. The natural substrate elements are divided into mountain and forest vegetation, climatic conditions, and geomorphology; the social material culture system elements include architectural style, street texture, and village spatial form and layout; the non-material system elements include human history, village rules and regulations, and living customs. If we realize the harmonious coexistence of traditional elements and modern functions, then we have to carry out the synergistic planning and development of material elements and non-material cultural elements.
2 The current environment and dilemma of Luojiagang village
2.1 Overview of Luojiagang Village
2.1.1 Natural geographical environment
The layout of the traditional village is a reflection of the ancient ideal of revering nature and pursuing the unity of heaven and man. The village is located in the northeast of Huangpi District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, under the jurisdiction of Wangjiahe Street, and is one of the first historical and cultural villages in Wuhan City (Figure 1-1). It looks north to Mulan Mountain, west to Xiping Mountain, and Mulan Lake echoes it. The remaining line of Yuping Mountain is divided into two parts by the village, called South Mountain and North Mountain, and Luojiagang lives between the mountains and the water. The village grows under this pattern in a form that fits the surrounding environment, and finally forms a morphological relationship that blends into the environment.
Figure 2-1-1 Address of Luojiagang Village Project (Image source: Self-drawn from "Wuhan: National Historical and Cultural City Overview") |
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2.1.2 Humanities and Historical Environment
Luojiagang village has a long history, dating back to the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, when the Luo family from Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, moved to the village, which has a history of more than 600 years. Luojiagang village has the layout characteristics of traditional residential houses in Erdong, which are built according to the landscape, hiding the wind and gathering the qi, showing the typical traditional residential building site pattern, and the layout of buildings and other natural elements such as topography and water system reflecting the traditional cultural concept of harmony and unity between man and nature. The village still has a complete group of traditional residential buildings with exquisite architectural decorations and carvings, carrying a rich traditional culture. Luojiagang Village is rich in historical and cultural heritage, with distinctive architectural remains of traditional dwellings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2.2 Analysis of current problems and dilemmas
2.2.1 Spatial Vitality Deactivation
The population of traditional villages has moved to the city in large numbers. "The population of the villages, especially the young and strong laborers, keeps 'outflowing', resulting in a large reduction of the resident population and the phenomenon of 'people leaving the house empty', and the hollowing out of the population gradually evolves into the overall population, land, industry and infrastructure The hollowing out of the population gradually evolves into the overall hollowing out of population, land, industry and infrastructure" [
4]. The hollowing out problem is mainly caused by the loss of public life and resources and the gradual weakening of interpersonal relations. The interaction of villagers at the village mouth and pond and the scenes of vernacular activities such as special festivals should be diminished, coupled with the backwardness of rural supporting living services, accessibility and lack of better labor resources, subject to limited development opportunities, resulting in the loss of spatial vitality.
2.2.2 Decay of architectural style and lagging way of renewal and protection
The traditional village spatially reflects the simple thought of feng shui and the relationship of program ethics corresponding to the topography and topography, but the traditional village under self-organized construction and transformation, the villagers' cognition lacks the understanding of traditional residential architectural culture, which makes a large number of modern buildings built in Luojiagang village and disrupts the order of architectural house group muscles. The old and new spaces are mechanically collaged, and many places have lost their eaves and corners, high walls and windows, and carved beams, thus destroying the appearance of the village and losing its original integrity. The demand of vernacular life is correspondingly expressed in the demand and layout of modern space, which gradually presents the characteristics of spatial decentralization and fragmentation. (Figure 2-2-2).
Figure 2-2-2 Current state of architecture in Luojiagang Village (Image source：Self-portrait by the author) |
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3 Conservation and Renewal Strategies from the Perspective of System Synergy
In March 2015, the protection of traditional villages again became a key word in the National People's Congress, and Mr. Feng Gicai and many other members called for guarding traditional village homes and retaining "nostalgia". China's rural planning has its own complexity and special characteristics, which needs to take into account the spatial appearance of the villages with regional characteristics, unique production and life style, and multiple participation objects. Therefore, in the process of spatial renewal of villages, from the perspective of spatial co-occurrence, the connection between all planning elements should be emphasized to avoid isolated functional collage. From the spatial chronology, the planning will be implemented in stages, and each stage will be interlinked with each other. The traditional village protection and planning should coordinate the relationship between each element in each period, combine the renewal of the overall village pattern with the protection of village spatial elements, clarify the bottom line and scope of element renewal and protection, maintain the existing road structure and housing space of the village to the maximum, change the site to the minimum, and make the best use of the structures with historical and cultural value and regional characteristics. The village should preserve the structures and agricultural production tools with historical and cultural values and regional characteristics
3.1 Multi-party public participation and grassroots management and governance of village committees
"People" are the main body of villages, and the key to revitalization of villages lies in activating the hearts of the people. The protection of traditional villages requires not only the supervision and management of the government, but also the support of villagers' conscious actions. Under the condition of ensuring the safety of villagers' life and production, a bottom-up and top-down collaborative renewal mechanism should be established. The government, villagers, village construction team and industrial investors should work together to build the village and strengthen cultural popularization among villagers.
Firstly, with the natural beauty of the village and unique local resources, various painting, photography and folk culture promotion activities are carried out, so that villagers can participate in the activities and feel the value and charm of their own culture; secondly, the government introduces policies and planning department support, villagers participate collectively and the third-party operation platform participates, establishing a multi-dimensional decision-making model guided by the government, based on party building and village rules and regulations, and villagers participate independently. To establish an efficient and coordinated working mechanism of "four rights as one" among villagers, village committee and township government, widely carry out village construction activities, listen to the main interests of the masses and ensure the quality of village planning; finally, guide villagers to renew their residential bases according to their own wishes within their own space.
3.2 Reshape the orderly spatial pattern and coordinate the restoration and renewal of human living environment
3.2.1 Integrating the spatial scale of villages and restoring the orderly spatial pattern
The "unity of heaven and man" is a traditional cultural concept in China, which requires all actions to respect nature and follow the laws of nature, an ideal of man and nature, and the pursuit of harmony and unity between man and nature, preserving the ancient ponds, trees and buildings of the village, adding garden scenery and architectural echoes, and realizing natural elements throughout the design. The orderly village space planning shows the coordinated village texture. When the village is updated and transformed, the traditional texture and pattern of the village are reshaped and coordinated, and the harmony of the overall spatial pattern is achieved by building a well-structured village space, highlighting the charm of the village culture, and forming a beautiful and livable village settlement space form.
3.2.2 Refinement of architectural features and symbols to create an architectural style that integrates the old and the new
Under the background of urbanization, large-scale ancient villages have been transformed into "modern" settlement forms, losing their unique regional culture. The sustainable development of villages needs culture as an endogenous driving force, so cultural inheritance and revitalization become important factors for the development of villages. Mr. Liang Sicheng once said, "Ancient buildings that have been standing for hundreds of years and markets that are full of artistic special interest are often sacrificed completely under the banner of "improvement"." [
5] architectural decoration attached to the building, complement each other, architectural decoration in the form of illustrations, patterns, symbols, etc., the update needs to pay attention to the combing and continuation of the historical lineage of the building to retain, refining architectural decorative symbols, innovative design techniques to update the creation of decorative patterns, to create a blend of old and new architectural style.
3.2.3 Create vibrant public space and improve supporting facilities
Traditional villages are linked by traditional ways of public life such as cultural customs and rituals, daily exchanges and interactions, production and farming, etc., which maintain the relationship between people in the village, and different public lives have different spatial characteristics. The design of traditional village renovation is based on meeting the production and living needs of residents, and the village system has formed primary and secondary spaces through the development of dynamic process and built a unique vernacular culture. The public space is the open activity space of the village, with various functional forms, and is the gathering area for villagers to interact; the secondary space is the village lane and extension space, which is the skeleton of the village, liaising with each household and guiding to show the vernacular style. In the renewal of residential buildings, the layout of space and living comfort should be fully considered, modern living equipment should be introduced to meet the new era of residents' living needs, trying to shape a unified living and public space of human and natural environment, and to improve the configuration of rich infrastructure to create a vibrant public space.
3.3 Balanced development, social capital injection and industry drive
This year, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs issued the "Guidelines for Social Capital Investment in Agriculture and Rural Areas" document instructs that the injection of social capital is an important support to promote the development of agriculture and rural areas, and therefore the development of rural economy is needed to attract the return of population. Integration between agriculture, culture and tourism.The advantages of ancient villages and their respective shortcomings, the reasonable use of the advantages of the historical and cultural values of ancient villages, the cultural elements of villages to provide structural support, focus on the excavation and utilization of traditional village culture. Adhere to the principle of "moderate and reasonable", the reasonable introduction of external resource capital, the combination of economic development and cultural heritage, give full play to its social benefits, promote the regeneration of the vitality of cultural resources, and achieve the integration of multiple elements of development[
6], effectively serving the development of the village.
4 Collaborative conservation and renewal practice of Luojiagang village
Space is the starting and ending point of village activities, and it is both the main carrier of culture and the core place of villagers' health and survival. According to the characteristics of the natural and humanistic environment of the region in which Luojiagang village is located, combined with the historical style of the village, fully considering the inheritance of traditional culture and meeting the needs of production and life of modern village residents, this project is positioned as a village renewal construction mainly for residence, integrating residence, tourism and leisure. It will form a harmonious village with coordinated development of production and life.
4.3.1 General Planning Layout of the Planning and Renewal
Luojiagang village has a deep historical and cultural heritage and preserves the ancient residential buildings of the Ming and Qing dynasties, which are rich in ethnic characteristics. The village is crossed by the fire tower line road, with residential houses on both sides of the road and ponds surrounding the whole village.The water system landscape is the key area of this design planning. The combination of point, line and surface planning is used to build a livable spatial environment together. The pond system together with the highway belt constitutes the "one belt, one way" landscape belt (Figure 4-3-1), and the transformation of Luojiagang village is planned as the historical style area, the Jing style and charm area, the door court area and the flower field area, which combine to form the surface space. The village ponds converge into a water landscape belt and a commercial street along the route of the fire tower, forming a belt space. The spatial planning of points is Luo Yuan, Wang He Yuan, Chang He Yuan, Ning Chui Yuan, and Chien Mao Yuan. (Figure 4-3-1)
Figure 4-3-1 A belt and road planning Figure 4-3-1 Nine palaces and flying stars, Yiqi five garden planning map(Image source：Self-drawn by the author) |
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4.3.2 Distribution of village functional areas
Luojiagang village is a famous historical and cultural village. Based on the village pattern and regional characteristics, the village is planned to be divided into historical style area, flower field area, charming area, and gateway area, and the four areas are developed together to continue the village style. (Figure 4-3-2)
Figure 4-3-2 Schematic diagram of the functional zoning of Luojiagang village (Image source： Self-drawn by the author) |
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The area of ancient buildings such as the Luo Family Courtyard, Luo Family Ancestral Hall, and Yi Pin Dang Chao, which remain in the village, is divided into the Historical Landscape Area, which shows the original appearance of the village and records the life marks of the residents, as the core residential display area. The pond water system landscape zone and the highway zone of the fire tower line are combined into the Mentengruo area, which serves as a cultural and commercial service area, displaying local folk culture, technical craftsmanship and food culture (Figure 4-3-2). The construction and renovation of the residential area is a harmonious traditional architecture of Jingfeng and Chuyun area, which not only retains the traditional characteristics, but also has cultural heritage and contemporary characteristics to meet the needs of modern residents' life; the garden landscape supporting facilities are planned to improve the villagers' living environment (Figure 4-3-2). In the south of the village, a large amount of farmland is preserved, and the area is a flower field, allowing people to get closer to nature and seek the wilderness of the countryside.
Figure 5-3-2 Schematic diagram of the commercial street area Figure 4-3-2 Schematic diagram of the planned garden scene (Image source： Self-drawn by the author) |
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4.3.3 Transportation Planning
The vitality of villages needs economic and industrial support, and accessible roads are the key channels to promote rural economic and industrial interpenetration between urban and rural areas. The road system of Luojiagang village is confusing, with insufficient greening around the road and not smooth routes. The design is based on the original road pattern of the village, and on the basis of not changing the appearance of the village, "three horizontal and three vertical" planning is adopted, and the village roads are planned as three main horizontal roads and three main vertical roads intertwined, and the actual situation of the village is analyzed, and the accessibility of the roads is fully considered, and the roads are tidied up and planted with trees and shrubs. enrich the green design, the main roads are widened, and the traditional streets and paths are designed to be divided to increase their recreational interest The road planning is divided into outbound passage, village main road, village secondary road, and characteristic lane(Figure 4-3-3).
Figure 4-3-3 Three horizontal and three vertical road planning Figure 4-3-3 Village road network planning analysis (Image source： Self-drawn by the author) |
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4.3.4 Improvement of village streets and lanes
The outbound passage is the main passage connecting the inside and outside of the village, with the function of going straight to the urban area and connecting other towns. The current status of the road is not enough greenery, the road is narrow and lacks sidewalks. The road will be widened to ten meters, with non-motorized lanes on both sides, additional street lights, signage, signs and other service facilities, road trees, such as camphor trees, hanging trees, compound luan and other street trees, suitable for growth, according to local conditions, shrubs with holly, lady's mantle or heather, highlighting the local flavor, enhance the ornamental.
The main road in the village is the key passage in and out of the village, currently mainly cement roads, affecting the convenience of traffic, first of all, the main road will be widened and unified into an asphalt road; roadside stone road, with strong rural characteristics, also exists with a dirt road (Figure 4-3-4), the roadside is mostly overgrown with weeds. The original dilapidated lane road was repaired, and the dirt road was changed into a green brick road to make the lane road reach unity and strengthen the road greening (Figure 4-3-4) to create a comfortable and pleasant walking space environment.
Figure 4-3-4 Traditional alleyway Figure 4-3-4 Planned alleyway (Image source： Self-portrait by the author) (Image source：Self-drawn by the author) |
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4.3.5 Renewal of the architectural style of residential buildings
The design follows the principle of "protection first", takes the inheritance of culture as the main theme, carries out repairs according to the principle of "repairing the old as the old", replaces the beams and columns that are seriously damaged, pays attention to the protection of traditional residential buildings and the original appearance of the village, repairs and maintains the traditional residential buildings in the village. Repair and maintain the traditional residential buildings in the village, the buildings that seriously affect the appearance of the village should be renovated and demolished, and the carved and damaged wood, stone and brick carvings should be repaired in accordance with the construction process, so that they can be restored to their original condition. The new buildings are replaced with modern construction materials to keep the "new" buildings in harmony with the ancient buildings of the village, to maintain the integrity of the village appearance to the maximum extent, to create a pleasant living environment that meets modern aesthetics and adheres to traditional regional cultural characteristics, and to show the unique architectural and cultural heritage (Figure 4-3-5).
Figure 4-3-5 Schematic diagram of new buildings in the village plan (Image source：Self-drawn by the author) |
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5 Conclusion
The renewal of traditional villages involves the contents of many disciplinary fields such as history, society, land resources, economy, and planning preparation This paper explores the strategies of Luojiagang village conservation and renewal. The spatial system elements of the village that need to be renewed and protected are sorted out, and the problems are solved from the three aspects of production, life and ecology, in order to promote the improvement of the architectural style of the renewed village, the restoration of the regional characteristics of the pleasant environment, the return of the population, and the filling of daily needs. The aim is to maintain a good balance between "renewal and conservation" of villages, in order to provide a realistic reference for the environmental protection and renewal of traditional village habitats.
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Figure 2-1-1 Address of Luojiagang Village Project (Image source: Self-drawn from "Wuhan: National Historical and Cultural City Overview")
